Глагольные сокращения в английском образуются путем слияния вспомогательных глаголов (be, have, do) или модальных глаголов (will, would, can, must и др.) с местоимениями, существительными или отрицательной частицей "not", заменяя пропущенные буквы апострофом ('s, 're, 've, 'd, 'll, n't). Они используются для ускорения речи и делают ее более естественной, особенно в неформальном общении, включая варианты типа 's (is/has), 've (have), 'll (will/shall), 'd (would/had/should) и отрицания (isn't, aren't, haven't, won't, can't, mustn't).
are not = aren't
can not = cannot = can't
could not = couldn't
did not = didn't
does not = doesn't
do not = don't
had not = hadn't
have not = haven't
has not = hasn't
he had/should/would = he'd
he will = he'll
he is/has = he's
here is/has = here's
I had/should/would = I'd
I shall/will = I'll
I am = I'm
I have = I've
is not = isn't
it will = it'll
it is/has = it's
let us = let's
may not = mayn't
might not = mightn't
must not = mustn't
need not = needn't
shall not = shan't
she had/should/would = she'd
she will = she'll
she is/has = she's
should not = shouldn't
that will = that'll
that is = that's
there is/has = there's
they had/should/would = they'd
they will = they'll
they are = they're
they have = they've
was not = wasn't
we had/should/would = we'd
we shall/will = we'll
we are = we're
were not = weren't
we have = we've
what is = what's
will not = won't
would not = wouldn't
you had/should/would = you'd
you will = you'll
you are = you're
you have = you've
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